What do homologous chromosomes have in common?

Homologous chromosomes share the same genes, which means that they contain corresponding gene sequences at the same loci, or positions, along the chromosome. Each homologous chromosome is inherited from one parent, resulting in pairs that can possess different versions of the same gene, known as alleles. For instance, one chromosome may carry an allele for blue eye color while the other carries an allele for brown eye color. This genetic variability is essential for the processes of sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.

The characteristic that allows homologous chromosomes to be recognized as such is their relationship in terms of gene content, regardless of whether the alleles for those genes are identical or different. Therefore, while homologous chromosomes may have variations in allele form, they fundamentally share the same set of genes.