Science Olympiad Designer Genes Practice Exam

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• What is the genotype frequency ratio typically seen in incomplete dominance?
• In which stage do most cells spend their lives?
• True or False: Women have both X and Y chromosomes.
• What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
• Co-dominance typically involves how many alleles?
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
• What does Messenger RNA (mRNA) do?
• Which of the following are the two pyrimidines present in DNA?
• What are pairs of chromosomes referred to as?
• What would you expect to find as a result of applying NGS technology?
• A small unit that can join with other small units to form larger structures is known as?
• In which stage of Interphase does DNA replication occur?
• Which type of RNA is primarily involved in the synthesis of proteins?
• If a Punnett square has 3 dominant traits and 1 recessive trait, what would the ratio be?
• What is the role of meiosis?
• The division of a cell's cytoplasm is specifically called what?
• Which type of reproduction is Mitosis associated with?
• What defines the phenotype of an organism?
• When both alleles for a gene are the same, this condition is known as?
• When two different alleles are present, which one is typically expressed?
• What is the term for traits expressed in the physical form of an organism?
• How would the DNA in two sister chromatids compare to each other?
• Can the same mRNA molecule be reused multiple times for translation?
• An individual with two different alleles for a gene is termed what?
• What type of bond holds the nitrogenous bases together in the DNA structure?
• Where would you find a codon?
• What is the primary function of genes?
• What is one purpose of DNA?
• Why did scientists initially believe that proteins were responsible for genetic information?
• Which part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?
• In which step of translation does the coding sequence conclude?
• What process leads to the shuffling of alleles and increases genetic diversity?
• What are DNA probes commonly used for?
• How many different nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
• Complete the statement: A, T, G, C are _____________ base models.
• Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?
• Homologous chromosomes have the same ______, but have different ______.
• What imaging technique allows scientists to visualize the shadow of a molecule using X-rays?
• What is the main difference between diploid and haploid cells?
• What is chromatin made of?
• What genetic process allows for increased variability among offspring?
• Which of the following bases are classified as Pyrimidines?
• What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
• Which of the following describes cDNA accurately?
• What term describes the interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype?
• How do genes and alleles differ?
• What genetic principle explains why traits can be inherited together when they are on the same chromosome?
• Meiosis is classified as what type of reproduction?
• Why did people initially believe that proteins carried genetic information rather than DNA?
• What occurs in a deletion mutation?
• Which stage of the cell cycle is a preparation phase and not part of mitosis?
• How many autosomal gene pairs does a typical human have?
• Which stage of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?
• What is the term for having an extra chromosome?
• What ratio would a Punnett square show with 2 dominant traits and 2 recessive traits?
• What happens when a premature stop codon is encountered during translation?
• What is the result of a missense mutation?
• What does a homozygous organism possess?
• True or False: The genes produced after Mitosis are identical.
• In genetics, what does the term 'allele' refer to?
• What did Watson and Crick contribute to the discovery of DNA structure?
• True or False: Men have both X and Y chromosomes.
• In what form does DNA exist within the nucleus?
• Do genes serve as blueprints for proteins or parts of proteins?
• What is Mendel's first law of inheritance called?
• Complete dominance in genetics refers to traits that have:
• Which of the following are the two main types of phenotypes?
• In what form is DNA primarily found within the nucleus of a cell?
• What type of proteins do genes typically encode besides structural proteins?
• What does a shorter Y-chromosome indicate in terms of genetics?
• Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
• What is the result of a translational error in protein synthesis?
• What is the function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)?
• What three molecules are found in a nucleotide?
• What is the primary factor that determines an organism's phenotype?
• What are the three stop codons in genetic translation?
• An allele that requires only one gene copy to be expressed is called what?
• Where would you find the anti-codon?
• Which term refers to the overall genetic composition of an organism?
• In Mendelian genetics, the physical expression of a trait is referred to as:
• In terms of phenotype frequency, what ratio is associated with incomplete dominance?
• What is Mendel's first law about?
• Which six components are expected to be found in DNA?
• Which base pairs with Guanine in DNA?
• Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
• What type of mutation is caused by a change in a single nucleotide?
• What describes an organism with two identical alleles for a gene?
• What is the process called that separates molecules such as proteins or DNA according to size and charge?
• What is the basic structure of chromosomes?
• How would the DNA in two homologous chromosomes compare together?
• What is the function of the TATA box in gene regulation?
• What occurs during Anaphase of mitosis?
• What is the name of Mendel's second law?
• Which of the following correctly lists the four stages of the cell cycle in order?
• What does the term 'linkage' in genetics refer to?
• What are histones?
• In genetics, which of these is an allele?
• Where is DNA stored in a cell?
• During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
• What term refers to a cluster of genes controlled by a single promoter in prokaryotic cells?
• How would you classify the relationship between alleles in co-dominance?
• What role does Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play in Protein Synthesis?
• What are short regions of DNA that can bind with proteins to promote the expression of other genes called?
• Electrophoresis is used to separate which types of biological molecules?
• How many Hydrogen bonds are formed between Adenine and Thymine?
• What occurs during the Translation stage of Protein Synthesis?
• What is one significant difference between DNA and RNA?
• During RNA synthesis, what is produced from a DNA template?
• During which stage of Protein Synthesis is RNA produced from DNA?
• Describe the alleles of a homozygous individual:
• What happens during Telophase of mitosis?
• In a Dihybrid Cross, how many possible P. Square boxes are there?
• Who is known as the father of genetics for his work on inheritance?
• What is the process of forming proteins based on information in DNA called?
• Which bases are categorized as Purines?
• What term describes the physical appearance of an organism?
• An organism's observable traits are referred to as what?
• Which of the following best describes a monomer?
• What is the term for missing chromosomes?
• Where does the process of transcription primarily take place?
• If a purine is on one side of a DNA molecule, what should be on the other side?
• What is the start codon for protein synthesis?
• What is a naturally occurring or synthetic compound made of large molecules linked by simple monomers?
• Which statement best describes an allele?
• What are the proteins that wrap around DNA called?
• What is the main function of introns in eukaryotic genes?
• Where is nuclear DNA located within a cell?
• What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
• What does a nonsense mutation cause?
• If you have a purine on one side of the DNA strand, what will be present on the opposite side?
• Which of the following describes alleles?
• How many cells are produced from undergoing Mitosis?
• What type of organism typically has a haploid number of chromosomes?
• Can genes encode for structural proteins that are part of the body?
• How does DNA structure facilitate its replication?
• What does DNA stand for?
• What do we call the proteins associated with DNA?
• How many chromosomes do humans have in a diploid cell?
• What is the first requirement in DNA replication?
• What is the name of an allele that requires two copies to be expressed?
• What key information can phylogenetics provide to researchers?
• What is the function of the phosphate group in a DNA nucleotide?
• What term refers to the genetic makeup of an organism?
• What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
• What will happen according to the Law of Independent Assortment?
• What term refers to noncoding, intervening sequences within a eukaryotic gene?
• Where is cytoplasmic DNA found?
• When crossing two heterozygous individuals, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring?
• In a Dihybrid cross, how many gametes can each parent produce?
• Which part of the DNA nucleotide contains the genetic code?
• What is the primary structure of DNA?
• What two components make up chromosomes?
• What does NGS technology stand for?
• What does cDNA represent?
• How many copies of genes do parents pass on to their offspring?
• What term describes the process where genes on different chromosomes separate independently during meiosis?
• Where do males typically receive their X-chromosome?
• Which structure encodes the traits in an organism?
• Which of the following is not a stage of mitosis?
• What is the primary reason for converting DNA into mRNA?
• What do homologous chromosomes have in common?
• What is the primary function of chromosomes?
• Where is DNA stored within a cell?
• What tool is commonly used to predict the outcome of genetic traits?
• What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?
• What is defined as a segment of DNA that encodes for a protein?
• Which aspect of DNA probes makes them essential for genetic research?
• What does Mendel's second law state about the alleles of genes?
• What essential information is contained within chromosomes?
• The genetic information stored in the _____ is used to make a _____.
• What term best describes the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors in producing a trait or condition?
• What term is used for one of the alternative forms of a gene that determines specific traits?
• Which of the following is an example of Multifactorial inheritance?
• Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine are examples of which type of model?
• What is phylogenetics primarily concerned with?
• The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as what?
• What was the main focus of Mendel's experiment?
• What is the correct order of the three steps of translation?
• What is the structure of a chromosome primarily described as?
• What is the base that is different in RNA than in DNA?
• Which process concludes the M phase of the cell cycle?
• What are chromosomes that come in pairs called?
• What role does RNA play in the synthesis of proteins?
• What are the two purines found in DNA?
• Which cellular process results in genetically identical daughter cells?
• For humans, what is the haploid number of chromosomes?
• Which type of DNA is often used for cloning and recombinant DNA technology?
• What overall role does DNA play in the body?
• What is the primary function of RNA in a cell?
• Are proteins capable of being functional, such as hormones or enzymes?
• During which process does DNA replicate?
• What is the diploid number of chromosomes for humans?
• What are sister chromatids?
• What structure of DNA is important for genetic diversity among siblings?
• What is genomic DNA?
• Which molecule is responsible for storing the information necessary for DNA?
• Why do siblings not display identical traits?
• What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
• In which part of the cell does translation occur?
• Which sequences in DNA bind to RNA polymerase for the regulation of gene expression?
• How many daughter cells are created in Meiosis?
• How many non-autosomal genes does a human typically possess?
• During which step of translation are amino acids specifically added to the growing polypeptide chain?
• What happens during an insertion mutation?
• How many stages are there in Mitosis?
• What is a cross between individuals that possess different alleles for the same gene called?
• What is the function of the phosphate group in a nucleotide?
• How many helixes does DNA have?
• What part of a DNA molecule is primarily responsible for creating the genetic code?
• What molecule serves as the genetic blueprint for constructing proteins?
• What are the stages of Interphase?